* DISTINCT		Only one instance of the duplicated data is shown
	
	eg.	select DISTINCT amount from checks;

* WHERE <SEARCH CONDITION>	-	WHERE simply causes your queries
						to be more selective

	eg.	 SELECT * FROM BIKES WHERE NAME = 'BURLEY';

* LIKE	You can see the use of the percent sign (%) in the
		statement after LIKE. When used inside a LIKE expression,
		% is a wildcard. _ The underscore is the single-character 
		wildcard.

	eg.	SELECT * FROM PARTS WHERE LOCATION LIKE '%BACK%';

* UNION 	UNION returns the results of two queries minus the 
		duplicate rows.

	eg.	SELECT NAME FROM SOFTBALL UNION SELECT NAME FROM FOOTBALL;

* UNION ALL 	UNION ALL works just like UNION except it does not eliminate
			duplicates.

	eg.	 SELECT NAME FROM SOFTBALL UNION ALL SELECT NAME FROM FOOTBALL;

* INTERSECT		INTERSECT returns only the rows found by both queries.
	
	eg.	SELECT * FROM FOOTBALL INTERSECT SELECT * FROM SOFTBALL;

* MINUS 	Minus returns the rows from the first query that were not 
		present in the second.
	
	eg.	SELECT * FROM FOOTBALL MINUS SELECT * FROM SOFTBALL;

* IN 		Shorthand to OR

	eg.	SELECT * FROM FRIENDS WHERE STATE= 'CA' OR STATE ='CO' OR STATE = 'LA';
		is the same as:
		SELECT * FROM FRIENDS WHERE STATE IN('CA','CO','LA');

* BETWEEN	Returns something between something

	eg.	SELECT * FROM PRICE WHERE WHOLESALE BETWEEN 0.25 AND 0.75;

* COUNT	The function COUNT returns the number of rows that satisfy the 
		condition in the WHERE clause.
	
	eg.	SELECT COUNT(*) FROM TEAMSTATS WHERE HITS/AB < .35;

* SUM		SUM does just that. It returns the sum of all values in a column.

	eg.	SELECT SUM(SINGLES) TOTAL_SINGLES FROM TEAMSTATS;	

* AVG 	The AVG function computes the average (keskiarvo) of a column.

	eg.	 SELECT AVG(SO) AVE_STRIKE_OUTS FROM TEAMSTATS;

* MAX		If you want to find the largest value in a column, use MAX.

	eg.	 SELECT MAX(HITS) FROM TEAMSTATS;

* MIN		MIN does the expected thing and works like MAX except it returns  
		the lowest member of a column.

	eg.	SELECT MIN(AB) FROM TEAMSTATS;

* VARIANCE 		VARIANCE (varianssi) produces the square of the standard deviation.

	eg.	SELECT VARIANCE(HITS) FROM TEAMSTATS;

* STDDEV	Finds the standard deviation of a column of numbers.

	eg.	SELECT STDDEV(HITS) FROM TEAMSTATS;

* ADD_MONTHS	This function adds a number of months to a specified date. 

	eg.	SELECT TASK, STARTDATE, ENDDATE ORIGINAL_END, ADD_MONTHS(ENDDATE,2)
		FROM PROJECT;	

* LAST_DAY		LAST_DAY returns the last day of a specified month. 

	eg.	SELECT ENDDATE, LAST_DAY(ENDDATE) FROM PROJECT;

* MONTHS_BETWEEN  	If you need to know how many months fall between month x and 
				month y, use MONTHS_BETWEEN like this.

	eg.	SELECT TASK, STARTDATE, ENDDATE,MONTHS_BETWEEN(STARTDATE,ENDDATE) DURATION
		FROM PROJECT;

* NEW_TIME		If you need to adjust the time according to the time zone you are in,
			the New_TIME function is for you. 


 	Abbreviation             Time Zone
 	AST or ADT             Atlantic standard or daylight time
	BST or BDT             Bering standard or daylight time
	CST or CDT             Central standard or daylight time
	EST or EDT             Eastern standard or daylight time
	GMT		           Greenwich mean time
	HST or HDT             Alaska-Hawaii standard or daylight time
	MST or MDT             Mountain standard or daylight time
	NST		           Newfoundland standard time
	PST or PDT             Pacific standard or daylight time
	YST or YDT             Yukon standard or daylight time

	eg.	SELECT ENDDATE EDT, NEW_TIME(ENDDATE, 'EDT','PDT') FROM PROJECT;

* NEXT_DAY		NEXT_DAY finds the name of the first day of the week that is equal 
			to or later than another specified date.

	eg.	SELECT STARTDATE, NEXT_DAY(STARTDATE, 'FRIDAY') FROM PROJECT;

* SYSDATE		SYSDATE returns the system time and date:

	eg.	SELECT DISTINCT SYSDATE FROM PROJECT;

* ABS		The ABS function returns the absolute value of the number you point to.

	eg.	SELECT ABS(A) ABSOLUTE_VALUE FROM NUMBERS;

* CEIL	CEIL returns the smallest integer greater than or equal to its argument.

	eg.	SELECT B, CEIL(B) CEILING FROM NUMBERS;

* FLOOR	Returns the largest integer equal to or less than its argument.

	eg.	SELECT A, FLOOR(A) FLOOR FROM NUMBERS;

* COS, COSH,
  SIN, SINH,
  TAN, and 
  TANH		The COS, SIN, and TAN functions provide support for various trigonometric
			concepts. They all work on the assumption that n is in radians. 
	
	eg.	SELECT A, COS(A) FROM NUMBERS;

* EXP		EXP enables you to raise e to a power. 

	eg.	SELECT A, EXP(A) FROM NUMBERS;

* LN 
  LOG 	These two functions center on logarithms. LN returns the natural logarithm
		of its argument. LOG, takes two arguments, returning the logarithm of the
		first argument in the base of the second.

	eg.	SELECT A, LN(A) FROM NUMBERS;
		SELECT B, LOG(B, 10) FROM NUMBERS;

* POWER	To raise one number to the power of another, use POWER. In this function
		the first argument is raised to the power of the second.

	eg.	SELECT A, B, POWER(A,B) FROM NUMBERS;

* SIGN	SIGN returns -1 if its argument is less than 0, 0 if its argument is equal
		to 0, and 1 if its argument is greater than 0.

	eg.	SELECT A, SIGN(A) FROM NUMBERS;
		SELECT A FROM NUMBERS WHERE SIGN(A) = 1;

* SQRT	The function SQRT returns the square root of an argument.

	eg.	SELECT A, SQRT(A) FROM NUMBERS;

* CHR		CHR returns the character equivalent of the number it uses as an argument.
		The character it returns depends on the character set of the database.
		Usually ASCII.

	eg.	SELECT CODE, CHR(CODE) FROM CHARACTERS;  

* CONCAT	The || symbol splices two strings together, as does CONCAT.

	eg.	SELECT CONCAT(FIRSTNAME, LASTNAME) "FIRST AND LAST NAMES" FROM CHARACTERS;

* INITCAP	INITCAP capitalizes the first letter of a word and makes all other characters lowercase.

	eg.	SELECT FIRSTNAME BEFORE, INITCAP(FIRSTNAME) AFTER FROM CHARACTERS;

* LOWER	LOWER changes all the characters to lowercase.

	eg.	SELECT LOWER(FIRSTNAME) FROM CHARACTERS;

* UPPER	UPPER changes all the characters to uppercase.
	
	eg.	SELECT UPPER(FIRSTNAME) FROM CHARACTERS;

* LPAD
  RPAD 	LPAD and RPAD take a minimum of two and a maximum of three arguments.
		The first argument is the character string to be operated on. The second
		is the number of characters to pad it with, and the optional third argument
		is the character to pad it with. The third argument defaults to a blank,
		or it can be a single character or a character string. The following
		statement adds five pad characters, assuming that the field LASTNAME is
		defined as a 15-character field. L and R stands for Left Rigth side

	eg.	SELECT LASTNAME, LPAD(LASTNAME,20,'*') FROM CHARACTERS;

* LTRIM 
  RTRIM	LTRIM and RTRIM take at least one and at most two arguments. The first
		argument, like LPAD and RPAD, is a character string. The optional second
		element is either a character or character string or defaults to a blank.
		If you use a second argument that is not a blank, these trim functions 
		will trim that character the same way they trim the blanks in the
		following examples.

	eg.	SELECT LASTNAME, RTRIM(LASTNAME) FROM CHARACTERS;

* REPLACE 	REPLACE does just that. Of its three arguments, the first is the string
		to be searched. The second is the search key. The last is the optional
		replacement string. If the third argument is left out or NULL, each
		occurrence of the search key on the string to be searched is removed
		and is not replaced with anything.

	eg.	SELECT LASTNAME, REPLACE(LASTNAME, 'ST') REPLACEMENT FROM CHARACTERS;

* SUBSTR	This three-argument function enables you to take a piece out of a target 
		string. The first argument is the target string. The second argument is
		the position of the first character to be output. The third argument is
		the number of characters to show. If you use a negative number as the 
		second argument, the starting point is determined by counting backwards
		from the end.

	eg.	SELECT FIRSTNAME, SUBSTR(FIRSTNAME,2,3) FROM CHARACTERS;

* TRANSLATE 	The function TRANSLATE takes three arguments: the target string, the 
			FROM string, and the TO string. Elements of the target string that
			occur in the FROM string are translated to the corresponding element
			in the TO string.

	eg.	SELECT FIRSTNAME, TRANSLATE(FIRSTNAME
		'0123456789ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
		'NNNNNNNNNNAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA);

* INSTR	To find out where in a string a particular pattern occurs, use INSTR.
		Its first argument is the target string. The second argument is the
		pattern to match. The third and forth are numbers representing where
		to start looking and which match to report.

	eg.	SELECT LASTNAME, INSTR(LASTNAME, 'O', 2, 1) FROM CHARACTERS;

* LENGTH	LENGTH returns the length of its lone character argument.

	eg.	SELECT FIRSTNAME, LENGTH(RTRIM(FIRSTNAME)) FROM CHARACTERS;

* TO_CHAR	The primary use of TO_CHAR is to convert a number into a character.

	eg.	SELECT TESTNUM, TO_CHAR(TESTNUM) FROM CONVERT;

* TO_NUMBER  	Is the companion function to TO_CHAR, and of course, it converts a 
			string into a number.

	eg.	SELECT NAME, TESTNUM, TESTNUM*TO_NUMBER(NAME) FROM CONVERT;

* GREATEST
  LEAST		These functions find the GREATEST or the LEAST member from a series of
			expressions.

	eg.	SELECT GREATEST('ALPHA', 'BRAVO','FOXTROT', 'DELTA') FROM CONVERT;

* USER	USER returns the character name of the current user of the database.

	eg.	SELECT USER FROM CONVERT;

* STARTING WITH 	is an addition to the WHERE clause that works exactly like LIKE(<exp>%)

	eg.	SELECT PAYEE, AMOUNT, REMARKS FROM CHECKS WHERE PAYEE STARTING WITH('Ca');

* ORDER BY		The ORDER BY clause gives you a way of ordering your results.

	eg.	SELECT * FROM CHECKS ORDER BY CHECK#;

* DESC	The DESC at the end of the ORDER BY clause orders the list in descending
		order instead of the default (ascending) order.

	eg.	SELECT * FROM CHECKS ORDER BY PAYEE DESC;

* GROUP BY		GROUP BY runs the aggregate function described in the SELECT statement
			for each grouping of the column that follows the GROUP BY clause.

	eg.	SELECT PAYEE, SUM(AMOUNT) FROM CHECKS GROUP BY PAYEE;

* HAVING 	Enables you to use aggregate functions in a comparison statement, providing
		for aggregate functions what WHERE provides for individual rows. 
	
	eg.	SELECT TEAM, AVG(SALARY) FROM ORGCHART GROUP BY TEAM HAVING AVG(SALARY) < 38000;

* EXISTS 	takes a subquery as an argument and returns TRUE if the subquery returns
		anything and FALSE if the result set is empty.

	eg.	SELECT NAME, ORDEREDON FROM ORDERS WHERE EXISTS (SELECT * FROM ORDERS WHERE
		NAME ='TRUE WHEEL')

* ANY		Compared the output of the following subquery to each row in the query,
		returning TRUE for each row of the query that has a result from the subquery.

	eg.	SELECT NAME, ORDEREDON FROM ORDERS WHERE NAME = ANY (SELECT NAME FROM ORDERS
		WHERE NAME ='TRUE WHEEL')

* SOME	Similarity to IN. IN works like multiple equals. ANY and SOME can be used 
		with other relational operators such as greater than or less than.

	eg.	SELECT NAME, ORDEREDON FROM ORDERS WHERE NAME = SOME (SELECT NAME FROM ORDERS
		WHERE NAME ='TRUE WHEEL')

* ALL 	Returns TRUE only if all the results of a subquery meet the condition.Oddly
		enough, ALL is used most commonly as a double negative

	eg.	SELECT NAME, ORDEREDON FROM ORDERS WHERE NAME <> ALL (SELECT NAME FROM ORDERS
		WHERE NAME ='JACKS BIKE')

* INSERT 
  VALUES    The INSERT...VALUES statement enters data into a table one record at a time.

	eg.	INSERT INTO table_name (col1, col2...) VALUES(value1, value2...)

* INSERT
  SELECT 	Essentially, the output of a standard SELECT query is then input into a
		database table. The same rules that applied to the INSERT...VALUES 
		statement apply to the INSERT...SELECT statement. 

	eg.	INSERT INTO table_name (col1, col2...) SELECT col1, col2... FROM tablename
		WHERE search_condition

* UPDATE 	The purpose of the UPDATE statement is to change the values of existing
		records.

	eg.	UPDATE table_name SET columnname1 = value1 [, columname2 = value2]...
		WHERE search_condition

* DELETE	Delete data from a database.

	eg.	DELETE FROM tablename WHERE condition

* CREATE 
  DATABASE 	The CREATE DATABASE Statement

	eg.	CREATE DATABASE database_name

* CREATE
  TABLE	The CREATE TABLE Statement

	eg.	CREATE TABLE table_name (field1 datatype [ NOT NULL ],
		field2 datatype [ NOT NULL ],field3 datatype [ NOT NULL ]...)

	ie2.	CREATE TABLE BILLS (NAME CHAR(30),AMOUNT NUMBER,ACCOUNT_ID NUMBER);

	Data types supported by Personal Oracle7.

	     Data Type       		   Comments
 		CHAR        Alphanumeric data with a length between 1 and 255
				characters. Spaces are padded to the right of the value
				to supplement the total allocated length of the column.

		DATE		Included as part of the date are century, year, month, 
				day, hour, minute, and second.

		LONG	      Variable-length alphanumeric strings up to 2 gigabytes.
				(See the following note.) LONG RAW Binary data up to 2
				gigabytes. (See the following note.)

		NUMBER      Numeric 0, positive or negative fixed or floating-point
				data.

		RAW		Binary data up to 255 bytes.

		ROWID       Hexadecimal string representing the unique address of a
				row in a table. (See the following note.)

		VARCHAR2    Alphanumeric data that is variable length; this field
				must be between 1 and 2,000 characters long.

* ALTER 
  TABLE	The ALTER TABLE command enables you to do two things: 

		     Add a column to an existing table 
		     Modify a column that already exists  

	eg.	ALTER TABLE table_name  <ADD column_name data_type; |
		MODIFY column_name data_type;>

	ie2.	ALTER TABLE BILLS MODIFY NAME CHAR(40);

	ie3.	ALTER TABLE NEW_BILLS ADD COMMENTS CHAR(80);

* DROP 
  TABLE	The DROP TABLE command deletes a table along with all its associated 
		views and indexes.

	eg.	DROP TABLE table_name;

* DROP 
  DATABASE 	

	eg.	DROP DATABASE database_name